Mucormycosis: New Developments into a Persistently Devastating Infection

François Danion; Claire Aguilar; Emilie Catherinot; Alexandre Alanio; Susan DeWolf; Olivier Lortholary; Fanny Lanternier

doi:10.1055/s-0035-1562896

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Table of Contents

Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 36(05): 692-705
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1562896

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Mucormycosis: New Developments into a Persistently Devastating Infection

Authors

François Danion

¹Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, APHP-Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IHU Imagine, Paris, France
Claire Aguilar

¹Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, APHP-Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IHU Imagine, Paris, France
Emilie Catherinot

¹Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, APHP-Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IHU Imagine, Paris, France

²Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
Alexandre Alanio

³Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France

⁴Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence des Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France

⁵Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris France
Susan DeWolf

¹Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, APHP-Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IHU Imagine, Paris, France
Olivier Lortholary

¹Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, APHP-Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IHU Imagine, Paris, France

³Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France

⁴Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence des Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France
Fanny Lanternier

¹Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, APHP-Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IHU Imagine, Paris, France

Abstract

Mucormycosis is a rare, though increasingly prevalent, life-threatening fungal disease caused by Mucorales. The incidence has increased over the last decade and its mortality remains high at around 50%. Mucormycosis occurs mostly in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or in the context of immunosuppression resulting from chemotherapy for hematological malignancy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or solid-organ transplantation. In this situation, lung and rhino-orbito-cerebral infections are the most frequent localizations of the disease. Prompt initiation of an effective treatment is essential to decrease mortality. However, mucormycosis and aspergillosis share close clinical and radiological features. Invasive procedures such as bronchial endoscopy and/or lung biopsy are necessary to confirm diagnosis, as no indirect tests are yet validated. Therefore, the challenge is to minimize the delay in diagnosis. When present, the reversed halo sign on CT scan is suggestive of mucormycosis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is a new promising approach to detect Mucorales DNA in serum and new molecular tools are available to detect Mucorales in tissues as well as to specify species. Recommendations from ECIL and ECMM/ESCMID have recently been published on management of mucormycosis. The recommended treatment is an amphotericin B lipid formulation in combination with surgery and modification of risk factors. High-dose (10 mg/kg) of liposomal amphotericin B is recommended in case of neurological involvement and posaconazole for maintenance therapy. Place of isavuconazole as well as posaconazole new formulations (tablets and intravenous) in first line treatment have to be defined. Improved radiologic descriptions of mucormycosis and new molecular tools may be key elements to help with rapid diagnosis in the future. Clinical trials are warranted to improve therapeutic success and hopefully survival.

Keywords

mucormycosis - pulmonary mucormycosis - Mucorales - mycosis - review - treatment

Full Text

References

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